Cerebral palsy or CP is a group of permanent disorders associated with developmental brain injuries that occur during fetal development, birth, or shortly after birth. It is characterized by a disruption of motor skills, with symptoms such as spasticity, paralysis, or seizures. Cerebral palsy is a form of static encephalopathy. One form of it, spastic diplegia, is sometimes known as Little's disease in the United Kingdom. Properly speaking, the fact that CP does not get better or worse implies that it is a 'condition' (chronic nonprogressive neurological disorder) rather than a 'disease.' The incidence is about 1.5 to 4 per 1000 live births. There is no cure, but therapy has been shown to be helpful in the maintainance of motor functions. While severity varies widely, cerebral palsy ranks among the most costly congenital conditions to manage.
Cerebral palsy develops while the brain is under development. 80% of all cases occur before the baby reaches 1 month old, however this disorder can occur within about the first 5 years of life. It is a nonprogressive disorder; once damage to the brain occurs, no additional damage occurs as a result of this condition. Cerebral palsy neither improves nor worsens, though symptoms may seem to increase with time, likely due to the aging process.
History:
Cerebral palsy, then known as "Cerebral Paralysis", was first
identified by a British surgeon named William Little in 1860. Little raised
the possibility of asphyxia during birth as a chief cause of the disorder.
It was not until 1897 that Sigmund Freud suggested that a difficult birth
was not the cause but rather only a symptom of other effects on fetal
development. Modern research has shown that asphyxia is not found during
birth in at least 75% of cases. Such research also shows that Freud's
view was correct, even though during the late 19th century and most of
the 20th century Little's view was the traditional explanation.
Cause:
Since cerebral palsy refers to a group of disorders, there is no exact
known cause. Some major causes are asphyxia, hypoxia of the brain, birth
trauma or premature birth, genetic susceptibility, certain infections
in the mother during and before birth, central nervous system infections,
trauma, and consecutive hematomas. In most people with CP, the cause is
unknown. After birth, the condition may be caused by toxins, physical
brain injury, incidents involving hypoxia to the brain (such as drowning),
and encephalitis or meningitis. Despite all of these causes, the cause
of many individual cases of cerebral palsy is unknown.
Recent research has demonstrated that asphyxia is not the most important cause as it was once considered to be, though it still plays a role, probably accounting for about 10% of all cases. The research has shown that infections in the mother, even infections that are not easily detected, may triple the risk of the child developing the disorder.
Premature babies have a higher risk because their organs are not yet fully developed. This increases the risk of asphyxia and other injury to the brain, which in turn increases the incidence of cerebral palsy.
